Department of Electrical Engineering

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State feedback control & Sliding Mode Control of Rotary Inverted Pendulum
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2019) Das, Kunal Kanti
Inverted pendulum system is a highly non-linear, unstable system as a result it is a challenging task for the control people to stabilize the system. The system is unstable without control, that is, the pendulum wills simply fall over if the pendulum arm isn’t rotate to balance it and naturally falls downward because of gravity. Thus, the inverted pendulum system is inherently unstable. Stabilization of Inverted Pendulum is defined as a very basic classical control problem in Control System. The Dynamics of Rotary Inverted Pendulum is related to many real life applications like missile launching system, balancing systems like human walking, Aircraft landing pad in sea etc. This is a highly unstable and non-linear system. This system is a under actuated system and also a non-minimum phase system so design a Controller for Inverted Pendulum System is very complex. This thesis includes system description of Inverted Pendulum System, Dynamics of the system, State space model, Derivation of Transfer Functions. In Past a lot of research work has already been done in Inverted Pendulum for development of Control Strategy. In this thesis the system is controlled by State feedback and sliding mode methods. By the help of state feedback method the rotary inverted pendulum is stabilize without any disturbance as the system is highly unstable state feedback method is not sufficient to stable the system even after giving any random disturbance. In the sliding mode method the system is try to stabilize by giving a random disturbance to the system. And there occurs a huge chattering which is very harmful for the system. To reduce the chattering super twisting method is used.
Optimal bidding strategy for wind-PSH based hybrid competitive power market
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2019) Ravitheja, Rage
Recently, wind energy penetration is growing rapidly because of its advantages like clean fuel sources, no greenhouse gases during its operation, in fact now a days wind energy prices have become comparable with those of conventional prices. But the challenging task is intermittent nature of wind the output power and terminal voltage of wind farm is fluctuating and this effects the profit. This thesis presents a simple and efficient approach to maximize the profit by operating pumped storage hydro (PSH) power plant and demand response (DR) according to the instruction from the wind-thermal hybrid plant on by considering minimum and maximum limits of pumped storage hydro power plant. Wind speed is predicted for day ahead market. Here the error between predicted and actual (real time market) is fulfilled with the pumped storage hydro plant and demand response. Main aim of the demand response is that rebound period (higher demand) aligns itself with the higher wind generation output period and lower generation time demand should be curtailed and the incentives are provided based on the curtailment of the demand. So that minimized the curtailment of wind energy and revenue loss. The pumping and generation of pumped storage hydro power plant depends upon wind power plant. At positive error of wind speed the pumped storage will generate energy by releasing the water from higher head to lower head and at negative error of wind speed pumping water from lower head to upper head. The proposed methodology is implemented using MATLAB interior point solver (MIPS) to solve optimum power flow problem. The implementation has been done with modified IEEE 30 bus system.
Virtual Power Plant Supported Frequency Control Of Hybrid Microgrid Both In Isolated And Interconnected Mode
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2019) Kumar, Praveen
The population growth and rapid industrialization rises power demand with depleting fossil fuels for conventional power generation day-by-day. It is also very tough to meet the varying electricity demand of consumers by conventional energy sources in current scenario, which leads to an increase in green house gases and CO2 emission. To address the above problem scientists and researchers looked into renewal energy resources like wind power, solar power, hydro power, tidal power, etc. which have sufficient potential to get better of these issues. One of the biggest reasons for the popularity of renewal energy resources is that it is cleanest form of energy available on earth. However, the main drawback with renewal sources is the dependency on the environment, so referred to as an intermittent generation. Therefore, we need some kind of enhanced concept in this field. So, for the better consistency and better facility of power supply, the small scale power generating technology such as wind, mini/micro- hydro, solar power etc. are gradually replacing conventional/traditional technology in various applications. These technologies are referred to as distributed energy recourses (DER) which represent a modular electric generation. However, there are various challenges associated with designing such power systems. In this regard, voltage and frequency are the most important aspects to be controlled. In addition, power quality is also taken into consideration for effective power dispatch to the consumers. Microgrid and virtual power plant (VPP), among many innovative paradigms in facilitating the integration of the DER, are two of the attractive conceptual solutions which provide coordination and aggregation for the DER. Coordinated control of VPP comprising of solar photovoltaic (SPV), wind turbine generator (WTG) and controllable load such as plugged-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and heat pump (HP) have been explored. The control concept includes the flexible adjustment of the aggregated power output of the VPP so as to address the frequency regulation. Investigation under simulation environment has been carried out to assess the effectiveness of the VPP to offer frequency support to both an isolated and interconnected microgrid mode. The parameters of the proportional–integral-differential (PID) controllers, employed with SPV, WTG, DIESEL, PHEV, and HP are optimized simultaneously using integral square error (ISE) criterion. The analyzed performance of ISE optimized PID controllers on the hybrid system model has been presented considering step change and random variations of SPV and critical load. Simulation results revealed that ISE optimized controllers for SPV, WTG, DIESEL, PHEV, and HP can provide the dynamic performance of the hybrid energy system. Present work considers VPP supported frequency control of hybrid microgrid in the isolated mode of operation. Since SPV generation is intermittent in nature, causing a variation power generation and also the load is variable. This results in a mismatch in generation and consumption of power. And this is the main reason system frequency deviates, which are never desirable. Therefore to minimize the effect and mismatch in power generation and consumption in the system tuned PID controllers are used. In conservative idea, the gain values of the PID controllers are chosen by trial and error method or by the traditional method as described in Ziegler and Nichols. The controller gains once tuned for a given operating point are only suitable for limited operating point changes. Therefore, the use of the conventionally tuned PID controller does not meet the requirements of healthy performance. Computational intelligence has opened paths to a new generation of advance process control. Present work considers PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) algorithm and SSA (Salp Swarm Algorithm) optimization technique to optimize the gains of the controller employed with SPV, WTG, DIESEL, PHEV, and HP for automatic power control of the proposed hybrid system. Scope of the work includes the following major performance studies in time-domain simulation under different operating conditions of the proposed hybrid system in isolated and interconnected modes respectively. Isolated mode: (a) Performance of the system consisting of a PID controller for the step disturbance in critical load and SPV generation. (b) Performance of the system consisting of PID for the variable load. (c) Performance of the system consisting of PID for variable generation in SPV. (d) Performance of the system consisting of PID for variable generation in SPV as well as variable critical. In each of the above-mentioned cases controller parameters are tuned using SSA and PSO. Interconnected mode: (a) Performance of the interconnected system consisting of a PID controller for the step disturbance in critical load. (b) Performance of the interconnected system consisting of a PID controller for the variable power generation in SPV. (c) Performance of the interconnected system consisting of a PID controller for the variable power generation in SPV as well as variable critical load. In each of the above-mentioned cases controller parameters are tuned with SSA and PSO.
Frequency control of isolated hybrid power system using FA optimized controller
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2019) Sharma, Ajnish Kumar
India has a big populace and very constrained natural assets mainly for meeting its power necessities. If the wishes to hold its momentum of fast increase economy it is possible with a clear strategy for resource utilization, satisfactory use of power alternatives to be had. Power is crucial for development and which means that if India want to move faster than it need to ensure the reliable availability of energy. The existing electricity condition in India is not so pleasant and there is a huge scope of development. Maximum of the energy generation in India is generated by means of conventional power plant. Coal and mineral oil-primarily based energy flowers which contribute heavily to environmental degradation. Adding to this conventional power plant will cause for environmental degradation and inevitable import volatile oil and coal. We have to be judicious on utilization of considerable renewable energy sources available in the surrounding, which include biomass, sun, wind, geothermal and ocean electricity. Due to the inequality in accessing electricity across the region, renewable energy has the possibility of becoming the inspiration for us for energy requirements. Electricity has been universally identified as one of the most crucial inputs for economic growth and human progress. There’s a strong relationship between economic growth and consumption of energy. One hand, increase of a country GDP, hinges on the availability of economic and environmental friendly electricity generation, and on the other hand, the extent of economic improvement is proportional to the electricity demand. If India has to maintain its growth it has to boom its use of renewable resources and reduce its dependence on conventional energy sources. The frequency of small power system deviates for sudden adjustments in load or generation or the both. Automatic generation control of an autonomous hybrid generation system such as wind turbine (WT), solar photo voltaic (PV), diesel engine (DEG), battery energy storage system (BESS), have been taken into consideration for simulation research. The comparative performance of the controllers employed to alleviate this frequency deviation for isolated hybrid systems, is executed using time domain simulation. In general, controllers (PI or PID) are use which is tuned manually which is difficult and time tacking. The computational intelligence has opened paths to a brand new technology of superior method. Right here, Firefly algorithm(FA) is used for optimization of controllers ‘The advantage of the proposed hybrid structures with fractional order PID controller has been shown, the simulation outcomes reveal the effectiveness of the FF based fractional order PID controllers in reducing settling time, overshoot and oscillations. The results are as compared with FF optimized PID controller. Application of fractional order PID (FOPID) controller to an automated frequency control of isolated hybrid power system is studied. Fractional order PID controller's orders are fractional numbers rather than integers. Design stage of this controller includes figuring out five parameters. This paper employs Firefly algorithm for optimization. FA is an advanced search method that has proved to have very high efficiency. A unique fee feature is described to facilitate the manage approach over both the time domain and the frequency-area specifications. Comparisons are made with a PID controller and it's proven that the proposed FOPID controller can give quite good robustness domain simulation. In general, controllers (PI or PID) are use which is tuned manually which is difficult and time tacking. The computational intelligence has opened paths to a brand new technology of superior method. Right here, Firefly algorithm(FA) is used for optimization of controllers ‘The advantage of the proposed hybrid structures with fractional order PID controller has been shown, the simulation outcomes reveal the effectiveness of the FF based fractional order PID controllers in reducing settling time, overshoot and oscillations. The results are as compared with FF optimized PID controller. Application of fractional order PID (FOPID) controller to an automated frequency control of isolated hybrid power system is studied. Fractional order PID controller's orders are fractional numbers rather than integers. Design stage of this controller includes figuring out five parameters. This paper employs Firefly algorithm for optimization. FA is an advanced search method that has proved to have very high efficiency. A unique fee feature is described to facilitate the manage approach over both the time domain and the frequency-area specifications. Comparisons are made with a PID controller and it's proven that the proposed FOPID controller can give quite good robustness.
Profit Maximization of Wind-HESS based System by Minimizing the Negative Imbalance Cost
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2019) Dhruvagupt
Recent decades the rapid development of wind power integration because of wind power generation reduces carbon emissions and extinction. Among all the renewable energy extraction technologies wind is most suitable and cheaper one. The main drawbacks of wind power integration are wind power predictability, optimal offering strategies for wind farms in a day ahead electricity markets. Due to this wind farms injects energy imbalance into the grid. We want to reduce the wind power intermittency nature by using hybrid energy storage system. Main advantages of hybrid energy storage system become more reliable and efficient. Here we proposed logic for coordination of hybrid energy storage system and wind farm in efficient manners to get maximum profit with minimum wind farms power imbalance. This thesis compared the profit before and after the integration of hybrid energy storage system with the wind-thermal integrated power system. Our results highlights that when HESS is supplying power to the wind-thermal based power system deviations are less, spot market compensation cost is less, LMP is also reduces and imbalance cost is also reduces.
Profit Allocation Of Distribution System Considering Distributed Generation & Facts Devices
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2019) Rashmi, Divya
This project is about to optimal sizing and siting of Distributed generator in Distribution side. The exponential increase in electricity demand has resulted in the continuous depletion of the traditional power generation sources. The traditional power generation sources are operated centrally and are not suited for environmental and cost issue in today’s liberalized electricity market. After decentralization, electricity provide to their customer in a reliable, decent and cost effective manner. DG proves to be the solution of these issue upto some extent. It is based on decentralization marketing strategy. The line losses are reduced, voltage profile improved and also maximize the economic benefits and share the social benefits amongst network partners when DG connected optimally.
Energy Management in a Microgrid Using Battery Electric Vehicle
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2019) Chingakham, Rojita
This project considers an isolated Wind Power Plant based DC microgrid system supported with Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV). The maximum power from the wind energy is extracted using the control methodology of classical Perturbation and Observation (P&O) Algorithm. BEV is used for the purpose of transportation as well as for power transaction between the microgrid and its battery storage system. A comprehensive supervisor controller for connection and disconnection of EV based on the power difference between generation and load (P) and the status of State of Charge (SOC) of the battery of BEV is designed. As the BEV has bidirectional power transfer capability, it is used as a load when there is a large power surplus and as a source when the demand is more than a generation. The transportation activity performed by the EV is controlled by the intelligent based algorithm which is designed by using a fuzzy logic controller.
Fractional-order chaotic systems, its stabilization cum synchronisation and its circuit simulation
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2018) Dutta, Maitreyee
Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Multi-Source System Using Coyote Optimizer Algorithm based PD–TID Cascade Controller
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2019) Kumar, Narisetty Varun
Automatic generation control (AGC) plays a crucial role in the operation and control of power systems. AGC is a supportive scheme that maintains the system frequency under permissible limits. This thesis presents Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of a three unequal area thermal system incorporating solar thermal power plant (STPP) in area-1 and geothermal power plant (GTPP) in area-2. The control areas are provided with single reheat turbine and generation rate constraints (GRC) of 3% / min. A maiden attempt has been made to apply a Proportional derivative–Tilt integral derivative (PD–TID) cascade controller in AGC. Controller gains are optimized using Coyote optimization algorithm (COA) which is population based metaheuristic. The system dynamic performances are studied with 1% step load perturbation in Area1. Performance of classical controllers such as Proportional Integral (PI), Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), Tilt Integral Derivative (TID) controllers are investigated and compared with PD–TID cascade controller. Investigations reveal that PI, PID and TID provide more or less same response where as PD–TID cascade controller provides much better response than the later. Dynamic analysis has also been carried out for the controllers in presence of random load pattern, which reveals the superior performance of the PD–TID cascade controller. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the COA optimized PD–TID Cascade controller parameters obtained at nominal condition of loading, size and position of disturbance and system parameter (Inertia constant, H) are robust and need not to be reset with wide changes in system loading, size, position of disturbance and system parameters.
Causative Fault Classification and Optimal Placement of Lightning Arrester for Minimizing the Risk of Failure in Transmission Systems
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2019) Dey, Shiladitya
This project deals with classification and mitigation of faults arising in a transmission network. Response of operators to a fault depends upon the type of fault that has occurred itself. Response to a vegetative fault will be much different than that of lightning induced faults. Currently causative fault classification is only possible by physically visiting a place where the fault has occurred. However if the fault can be classified from the fault data itself, it would massively speed up system response and enhance smoother operation of transmission apparatus. Causative fault classification has been done in this project by utilizing Artificial Neural Network (ANN). With the help of ANN, fault classification with an exceedingly high accuracy (99.5% accuracy) has been achieved in this project. The project also describes an economical solution for transmission network protection against lightning surges and strokes by selective installation of arresters. To achieve this cherished goal, a probabilistic methodology based on IEEE Std. 1410 has been applied to the Northern Grid of West Bengal and an optimisation process based on Binary Bat Algorithm has been developed and applied to solve the stated problem. The proposed method considers technical, meteorological, geographical and economic criteria to achieve the best solution. Consequently, the costs of investment and the total annual costs including line investment, line maintenance and outage costs are being decreased taking into consideration the cost of protective devices. In the optimisation procedure, lightning occurrence and network characteristics as well as transmitted power are considered. The achieved outcomes confirm effectiveness of the suggested approach from technical, meteorological, geographical and economical point of view.
AGC of Multi-Microgrid System Using Modern Heuristically Optimized Controllers
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2019) Sahoo, Manoj Kumar
Automatic Generation Control is a basic and important computer based real-time control in the interconnected power system. There are two basic control approaches in AGC one is primary control which is referred as governing control mechanism and another one is secondary control. Recent trend of use of distributed generation including renewable sources and energy storage devices, that gives rise to the development of microgrid. Because of quick change in burden there is a mismatch occurred in between source side and demand side. In this thesis AGC of two area multi-micro-Grid system and three area multi microgrids with higher degree of freedom controller i.e. 2-DOF-PID controllers are considered for study. The parameters of the controllers is optimized with modern me-ta heuristic algorithms like Firefly Algorithm (FA) and Mine Blast Algorithm (MBA) to find the better one as optimization technique. The investigation of the comparative results between FA and MBA algorithms reveals that the MBA is better than the other in terms of convergence rate and better quality of solutions in two area multi-micro-Grid system. Then, higher degree of freedom controller, 2-DOF-PID controller is considered for the same study system and the controller gains are tuned using MBA (better of FA and MBA) and the dynamic responses are obtained for comparison with PID controller. From the results it can be inferred that the proposed 2 DOF-PID controller is better than PID controller in terms of peak overshoot, settling time and number of oscillations. Then the sensitivity analysis of the proposed controller validates that the proposed controller optimized at nominal conditions is quite competent to give good reasonable performance at new operating conditions and need not be optimized again and again for every new conditions and hence quite robust. Further, the same 2 DOF-PID controller is used in three area multi-micro-Grid system and optimized with MBA algorithm. The results demonstrate the proposed MBA optimized controller performs better than PID controller in three area too and the sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of the proposed controller in this study system too.
Day ahead Demand Side Management using Firefly Algorithm
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2019) Debbarma, Sophia
With the increase in the number of electrical gadgets and appliances, the demand for electricity has also increased, it is now very important to emphasize in the concept of demand side management to meet the required demand of electricity. DSM assures efficient use of available energy resources. DSM along with smart grid allows the consumer to have details of power consumption information and allows the suppliers to lower the overall load demand during the peak period and modify the load curve. Necessary data of the energy consumption and price have been taken from different papers. In this research work, the primary aim is to mainly lower the overall load demand and thus the operational cost and utility bills. The work is done in different areas – residential, commercial and industrial. To get the optimized result, Meta-heuristic algorithm was developed to minimize the problem. Because of the flexibility, gradient free mechanisms and local optima avoidance of the algorithms, meta-heuristic techniques is gaining popular. Calculation of derivative of search space is not required in meta-heuristic technique making it highly flexible for solving a diverse range of problem. The evolutionary algorithms used to solve the demand side management problem is Particle Swarm Optimization, Firefly Algorithm and Salp Swarm Algorithm. The three algorithms is used to obtain the objective of the project work in three different area- residential, commercial and residential area. Firefly algorithm is found out to provide the best cost as compared to other two algorithm PSO and SSA. Firefly Algorithm is able to provide better accuracy.
Load Flow Analysis Of Balanced And Unbalanced Weakly Meshed Distribution System Using Two Stage Backward Forward Sweep Multi-Port Compensation Technique
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2022) Gautam, Rahul
A load flow algorithm is proposed for a distribution system having a weakly meshed structure for both balanced and unbalanced system. Load flow of a radial system is first solved using fast and flexible radial power flow method which requires construction of radial configuration matrix. For a weakly meshed system, a two-staged load flow algorithm is proposed by implementing a fast and flexible radial power flow (FFRPF) method. Firstly, a meshed distribution network is converted to a radial network by breaking the loops and the load flow of that radial network is done to obtain the open circuit breakpoint voltage. Then, the breakpoint currents are calculated using breakpoint impedance matrix. Secondly, breakpoint currents are injected into the radial network and the load flow is carried out again. In this way we can obtain the results of the original meshed network. The proposed load flow algorithm is validated using a 6 bus system, IEEE 33 bus test feeder and an unbalanced 8 bus system.
Solution of Optimized Energy Dispatch Schedule of Distributed Energy Resources in Micro-Grid
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2022) Chaurasia, Giriwar
Recent advances in optimizing micro-grid operation demand attention from researchers and practitioners throughout the world. Micro-grid happens to be the backbone of future decentralized power systems. As the majority of the MG are mainly supplied by Distributed Energy Resources (DER), their performance greatly depends on the satisfactory functioning of these DER. Due to uncertainty in the prediction of power from the DER, the MG now a day is supported by grid integration and energy storage sources. The operational dynamics of each component of the microgrid are unique and it makes the energy management in MG complex. Another major factor that complicates the energy management is the cost of operation of DER. With the present technology, the cost of operation of MT and FC is relatively higher as compared to the average rate of energy in the energy market. Therefore, it is important to define an optimal operational planning problem for the DER in MG. In view of the above, in this thesis work, the environmental-economic scheduling of DER in MG is studied. The problem is formulated on a dynamic non-linear optimization problem and is solved using recently developed AEFA. Programs are developed in MATLAB 2019b and executed in HP Elite Desk 800 G1 SFF PC. Several case studies are performed several case studies are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model. The performance of the applied AEFA is verified by a suitable comparative study in this thesis work. The result demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed model. The study also yields important information regarding the load requirement for MT for economic sustainability.
Design and Development of High-Gain Non Isolated DC-DC Converter Topologies for Renewable Energy Applications
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2022) Chakraborty, Soham
With the beginning of the 21st century, there has been an exponential rise in energy demand due to the growth in the industrial sector, rise in population, increased standard of living, and modification in the transportation system with the promising technology of electric vehicles etc. However, most of the demand is supplied by non-renewable sources such as coal, oil, and gas, which leads to a growth in carbon dioxide emission and consequently causes environmental pollution, global warming, and severe climatic issues. To trim down the global carbon dioxide emissions, green energy sources such as solar, biomass, fuel cells, and wind plays a pivotal role. Among these, photovoltaic is preferred the most as it has many advantages such as reliability, long life, less maintenance, etc. However, the output voltage of the single module photovoltaic is low enough to get suited with the dc-link voltage. For that, there is a need to integrate many PV panels, which requires a larger area to lay down. Another solution to this problem is employing a dc-dc converter to boost the output voltage level to fulfill the load requirements. Conventional boost converter offers high voltage gain with the duty cycle approaching infinity. But, practically, it gets limited due to the ESR effect of capacitance, DCR effect of inductance, conduction loss of the switch, etc. Also, the extreme duty cycle causes transients problems, as it won’t allow transferring the energy stored in the inductor, and the capacitor as the diode has a reverse recovery problem. Another limitation of the boost converter circuit is that it has the RHS Zero in the P-Z map, making it a Non-Minimum Phase (NMP) system. For such NMP systems, the high bandwidth controllers are challenging to create, and transient response is not as fast as desired. In this consideration, an enhanced circuit topology of the DC-DC converter is designed with a multilevel switched capacitor cell and switched inductor cell based on a quadratic boost converter. The switched inductor quadratic boost converter is the first stage to boost a dc source voltage. The second part is the multilevel switched capacitor cell, which helps to increase the voltage level obtained from the first stage. While developing the high gain converters involves a huge count of components. To achieve high conversion gain with a reduced count of components, another converter design combined voltage multiplier cell, and voltage-lift switched inductor cell is developed. The topology is designed with a voltage multiplier cell, and voltage lift switched inductor cell followed by a quadratic dc-dc boost converter. The first stage consists of a voltage lift switched inductor and quadratic boost converter to increase the voltage gain. The second stage is the voltage multiplier cell which doubles the gain obtained from the first stage with reduced voltage stress across the switch. The steady-state analysis of the developed converters is done in continuous conduction mode. To mitigate the design limitation of the boost converter having RHS zero in the P-Z map, a tapped-coupled-inductor boost converter is developed, which minimizes the effect of RHS zero and helps to increase the gain of the converter by reducing stress across the active switch. A dual-loop control strategy is employed based on a PI controller to regulate the output dc-link voltage during dynamic conditions. The developed circuit topologies have been simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The hardware implementation of the quadratic boost converter with PCB design is performed with detailed circuit analysis.
Solution of a Fractional Order Two Point Boundary Value Problem using Reflection Operator
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2022) Bijjam, Manikanta
A scheme for fractional order two point boundary value problem formulation and solution using Reflection operator and Grunwald-letnikov approximation is presented in this work .The fractional derivative (FD) is defined in terms of Riemann-Liouville sense. The dynamic system constraint is in the form of a fractional differential equation that includes integer derivative in addition to the fractional derivatives. The quadratic performance index considered as a function of both the state and the control variables. In the performance index all variables are considered as scalar values. A direct numerical technique based on Grunwald-Letnikov (GL) approximation is used to solve the resulting equations first we convert right FD into left FD by using reflection operator and then apply GL formulation. The order of the fractional derivatives is taken as less than one.
Sensor Technology and Fusion in Autonomous Vehicle
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2022) Sibtain, Noorus
As the globe is moving forward towards the era of technological advancement, artificial intelligence and ease of access to the use of individual technology, it is evident that the automobile industry is evolving itself into autonomous technology and transforming itself to the generation of Autonomous Vehicle. These autonomous vehicle will not just be a smart transportation system but will also help in increase the accuracy of driving scenarios by making smart decisions in just a blink of an eye, reduction in road accidents and most importantly reducing emissions benefitting the environment. Therefore, to achieve all this a proper selection of multiple sensors is necessary. This project deals with a novel approach towards the selection and integration of multiple camera and radar sensor to achieve an enhanced field of view. This Multi-Sensor fusion approach has been carried out to achieve a more scalable and robust fusion architecture which helps in reduction of processing time of environmental input data to the fused output sensor data. To achieve the desired fusion results clustering algorithm techniques like Density Based Spatial Clustering Algorithm with Noise (DBSCAN) and Nearest Neighbor (NN) is used for radar and camera respectively. For data association, Joint Probabilistic Data Association Technique is implemented which helped to get the lateral and longitudinal position of radar and camera separately along with fused result of both radar and camera.
Design of Hybrid Fuzzy PSO Based MPPT Algorithm for PV and Battery Under Uncertain Conditions
(Department of Electrical Engineering, NITS, 2022) Kumar, Mayank
Green and sustainable energy sources are becoming more popular as natural and unconventional fossil-fuel energy supplies become depleted. They're mostly utilized to supplement already accessible energy sources. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy has been widely employed in several applications due to its benefits as a direct electric power source, low maintenance, and zero noise. Because PV power generation systems are required for both industrial and domestic applications, optimizing power generation. The usage of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic systems, wind, ocean-thermal, and others arose in response to the non-renewable energy dilemma and environmental damage. This thesis describe the comparative analysis of maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic array (PV) using fuzzy logic control and hybrid fuzzy PSO control, and also make the boosted voltage constant using PI controller with the help of bi-directional converter. The battery is used to supply the sufficient power to load side and different irradiation. In case of hybrid fuzzy PSO algorithm, whenever the change in power is greater than the limit it is tracked by Fuzzy logic controller otherwise it is track by PSO. While the boosted output voltage is maintained constant using a proportional-integral (PI) controller. The designed model also has a bidirectional converter and battery, which helps in achieving constant output voltage. In case of fuzzy logic controller the efficiency for tracking the maximum power is 96.23%, while in case of hybrid fuzzy PSO the efficiency is 98.64% and using this method it also improves the oscillation and reduced the time required to track the maximum power. The system consist of four major components, i.e. PV array, DC-DC Boost converter, Bi-directional converter and controller. The structure is modeled and analyzed in a MATLAB Simulink environment. The results are verified in a real-time simulation environment using OPAL-RT.
A Control Scheme to Mitigate Voltage Unbalance in an Islanded Microgrid using Thermostatically Controlled Loads
(Department of Electrical Engineering, 2022) Pandey, Rupesh Kumar
With increase in requirement of electrical energy in day to day there is an obvious increase in generation but as per the fact that India is very much reliant on thermal power plants for its electricity generation and the raw input to plant is coal which is available but it is limited in amount. The balance between generation and demand needs to be maintained at all time. So, the solution to this problem is use of renewable source of energy like solar, wind etc. There are various advantages of using renewable energy for generating electric energy some of which are: green energy, low cost of installation, etc. The incorporation of renewable energy into conventional grid is possible with distributed generation and microgrid. Microgrid is basically a small-scale power system which is designed to meet power demand for small area. Another probable solution for marinating the proper balance between demand and generation is by providing the control over number of loads connected. This control of load is possible with the idea of Demand side management (DSM). There are various advantages of microgrid like flexibility, reliability is increased. Apart from various advantages of microgrid there are few challenges also that comes with microgrid installation. Some of which are: cyber-attacks, maintain good power quality. Maintaining good power quality in power system is very important, since they become one of the main reasons for proper operation of power system. A grid operating normally should have voltage and frequency well within defined standard limits. This problem of voltage unbalance is more pronounced in islanded microgrid (stand-alone microgrid). In this work a control and mitigation scheme is used which only activates during peak loading hours and by using the use of thermostatically controlled to implement this control scheme the problem of voltage unbalance in the system can be reduced. The used model of thermostatically controlled load is different from conventional model of thermostatically controlled load model as in conventional model reactive power consumption is ignored. During the implementation of this control scheme to plan demand side management and to reduce voltage unbalance in the system, the customer’s thermal comfort is maintained. The source of standalone microgrid is PV array operating to deliver maximum power using P&O algorithm. The system under testing is designed and tested in MATLAB simulink environment.
Accurate Dynamic Line Rating Forecasting using Quantum Models
(National Institute of Technology,Silchar, 2026) Panmei, Jaojenlung

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